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Recipient Name
Nobel Prize Category
Year Awarded
Summary
Theodore Roosevelt>
Peace>
1906>
President of United States; collaborator of various peace treaties">
1910s
Alexis Carrel
Medicine
1912
"In recognition of his work onvascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"
Peace
1912
Former Secretary of State; "Originatorof various treaties of arbitration"
Theodore W. Richards
Chemistry
1914
"In recognition of his accurate determinationsof the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
Peace
1919
President of United States of America;Founder of the League of Nations
1920s
Physics
1921
"For his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
Robert A. Millikan
Physics
1921
"For his work on the elementarycharge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
Charles G. Dawes
Peace
1925
Vice-President of UnitedStates of America; Chairman of Allied Reparation Commission (Originator of "Dawes Plan")
Arthur H. Compton
Peace
1925
"For his discovery of theeffect named after him"
Peace
1929
Former Secretary of State;Part originator of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
1930s
Literature
1930
"For his vigorous and graphic artof description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types ofcharacters"
Peace
1931
Sociologist; International Presidentfor the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Nicholas Murray Butler
Peace
1931
President, Columbia University;Promoter of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Irving Langmuir
Chemistry
1932
"For his discoveriesand investigations in surface chemistry"
Thomas H. Morgan
1933
"For his discoveries concerning the roleplayed by the chromosome in heredity"
Harold C. Urey
Chemistry
1934
"For his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, George H. Whipple>
William P. Murphy>
George H. Whipple
Medicine
1934
"For their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
Eugene O'Neill
Literature
1936
"For the power, honestyand deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an originalconcept of tragedy"
Carl D. Anderson
Physics
1936
"For his discoveryof the positron"
Clinton Davisson
(George Paget Thomson)
Physics
1937
"For their experimentaldiscovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
Pearl Buck
Literature
1938
"For her rich and trulyepic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographicalmasterpieces"
1940s
Edward A. Doisy
Medicine
1943
"For his discovery of thechemical nature of vitamin K"
Joseph Erlanger
Herbert S. Gasser
Medicine
1944
"For their discoveries relatingto the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
Peace
1945
Former Secretary of State; significantparticipant in the establishment of the United Nations
John H. Northrop
Wendell M. Stanley
Chemistry
1946
"For their preparationof enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
James B. Sumner
Chemistry
1946
"For his discovery thatenzymes can be crystallized"
Hermann J. Muller
Medicine
1946
"For the discovery ofthe production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
Emily Greene Balch
Peace
1946
Former Professor of Historyand Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
John R. Mott
Peace
1946
Chairman, International MissionaryCouncil; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations
Percy W. Bridgman
Peace
1946
Former Professor of Historyand Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International Leaguefor Peace and Freedom
Carl Cori
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
Medicine
1947
"For their discovery of thecourse of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
American Friends Service Committe (Quakers)
(Friends Service Committee (Quakers))
Peace
1947
For their relief and reconstruction work inmany European countries, as well as in India, China, and Japan
William F. Giaugue
Chemistry
1949
"For his contributions in thefield of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour ofsubstances at extremely low temperatures"
Literature
1949
"For his powerful and artisticallyunique contribution to the modern American novel"
1950s
Philip S. Hench
Edward C. Kendall
(Tadeus Reichstein)
Medicine
1950
"For their discoveries relatingto the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
Ralph Bunche
Peace
1950
"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge,MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"
Edwin M. McMillan
Glenn T. Seaborg
Chemistry
1951
"For their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
E.M. Purcell
Felix Bloch
Physics
1952
"For their development of new methodsfor nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
Fritz Lipmann
Medicine
1953
"For his discovery of co-enzyme A andits importance for intermediary metabolism"
Peace
1953
General President American Red Cross;former Secretary of State and of Defense; U.N. Delegate ; Originator of the "Marshall Plan"
Linus Pauling
Chemistry
1954
"For his research into the nature of thechemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complexsubstances"
Literature
1954
"For his mastery of the art of narrative,most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influencethat he has exerted on contemporary style"
John F. Enders
Frederick C. Robbins
Thomas H. Weller
Medicine
1954
"For their discovery of the ability ofpoliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
Vincent du Vigneaud
Chemistry
1955
"For his work on biochemicallyimportant sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of apolypeptide hormone"
Polykarp Kusch
Physics
1955
"For his precisiondetermination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
Willis E. Lamb
Physics
1955
"For his discoveriesconcerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
Andre F. Cournand
Dickinson W. Richards
(Werner Forssmann)
Medicine
1956
"For their discoveries concerningheart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
John Bardeen
Walter H. Brattain
William B. Shockley
Physics
1956
"For their researches on semiconductorsand their discovery of the transistor effect"
Joshua Lederberg
Medicine
1958
"For his discoveries concerninggenetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
George W. Beadle
Edward Tatum
Medicine
1958
"For their discovery thatgenes act by regulating definite chemical events"
Joseph Lederberg
Medicine
1958
"For his discoveries concerninggenetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
Arthur Kornberg
Severo Ochoa
Medicine
1959
"For their discovery of the mechanismsin the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
Owen Chamberlain
(Emilio Segre)
Physics
1959
"For their discovery of the antiproton"
1960s
Willard F. Libby
Chemistry
1960
"For his method to use carbon-14 forage determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
Donald A. Glaser
Physics
1960
"For the invention of the bubble chamber"
Melvin Calvin
Chemistry
1961
"For his research on the carbondioxide assimilation in plants"
Robert Hofstadter
Physics
1961
"For his pioneering studies of electron scatteringin atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of thenucleons"
Literature
1962
"For his realistic and imaginative writings,combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"
James Watson
(Francis Crick)
(Maurice Wilkins)
Medicine
1962
"For their discoveries concerning the molecularstructure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
Linus Pauling
Peace
1962
Worked with Russian, American, and British leadersto negotiate the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
(J. Hans D. Jensen)
Physics
1963
"For their discoveriesconcerning nuclear shell structure"
Eugene Wigner
Physics
1963
"For his contributions to thetheory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly throughthe discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
Peace
1964
Leader of "Southern Christian LeadershipConference"
Charles H. Townes
(Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov)
(Aleksandr Prokhorov)
Physics
1964
"For fundamental work in the field ofquantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiersbased on the maser-laser principle"
Robert B. Woodward
Chemistry
1965
"For his outstanding achievementsin the art of organic synthesis"
Richard P. Feynman
Julian Schwinger
(Sin-Itiro Tomonaga)
Physics
1965
"For their fundamental workin quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physicsof elementary particles"
Robert S. Mulliken
Chemistry
1966
"For his fundamental work concerningchemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbitalmethod"
Charles B. Huggins
Medicine
1966
"For his discoveries concerning hormonaltreatment of prostatic cancer"
Peyton Rous
Medicine
1966
"For his discovery of tumour-inducingviruses"
Haldan K. Hartline
(Ragnar Granit)
George Wald
Medicine
1967
"For their discoveries concerningthe primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
Hans Bethe
Physics
1967
"For his contributions to the theory of nuclearreactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
Lars Onsager
Chemistry
1968
"For the discovery of the reciprocal relationsbearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
Robert W. Holley
H. Gobind Khorana
Marshall W. Nirenberg
Medicine
1968
"For their interpretation of the geneticcode and its function in protein synthesis"
Luis Alvarez
Physics
1968
"For his decisive contributions to elementaryparticle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, madepossible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and dataanalysis"
Max Delbruck
Alfred D. Hershey
Murray Gell-Mann
Medicine
1969
"For their discoveries concerning the replicationmechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
Murray Gell-Mann
Physics
1969
"For his contributions and discoveries concerningthe classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1970s
Paul A. Samuelson
Economics
1970
"For the scientific work through which he hasdeveloped static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the levelof analysis in economic science"
Julius Axelrod
(Sir Bernard Katz)
(Ulf von Euler)
Medicine
1970
"For their discoveries concerning the humoraltransmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release andinactivation"
Simon Kuznets
Economics
1971
"For his empirically founded interpretation ofeconomic growth, which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and socialstructure and process of development"
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
Medicine
1971
"For his discoveries concerning themechanisms of the action of hormones"
Christian Anfinsen
Chemistry
1972
"For his work on ribonuclease, especiallyconcerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically activeconformation"
Stanford Moore
William Stein
Chemistry
1972
"For their contribution to the understanding ofthe connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of theribonuclease molecule"
Kenneth J. Arrow
(John R. Hicks)
Economics
1972
"For their pioneeringcontributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfaretheory"
Gerald M. Edelman
(Rodney R. Porter)
Medicine
1972
"For their discoveriesconcerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
John Bardeen
Leon N. Cooper
Robert Schrieffer
Physics
1972
"For their jointly developedtheory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
(Le Duc Tho)
Peace
1973
Former Secretary of State, during the Vietnam War
(Democratic Republic of Vietnam; declined the prize)
Ivar Giaever
(Leo Esaki)
Physics
1973
"For their experimental discoveries regardingtunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
Paul J. Flory
Chemistry
1974
"For his fundamental achievements, both theoreticaland experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
George E. Palade
(Albert Claude)
(Christian de Duve)
Medicine
1974
"For their discoveries concerning the structuraland functional organization of the cell"
Thalling C. Koopmans
(Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich)
Economics
1975
"For their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
David Baltimore
(Renato Dulbecco)
Howard M. Temin
Medicine
1975
"For their discoveries concerningthe interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
Ben R. Mottelson
(Aage Niels Bohr)
James Rainwater
Physics
1975
"For the discovery of the connection betweencollective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theoryof the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
William Lipscomb
Chemistry
1976
"For his studies on the structure of boranesilluminating problems of chemical bonding"
Milton Friedman
Economics
1976
"For his achievements in the fields ofconsumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of thecomplexity of stabilization policy"
Baruch S. Blumberg
D. Carleton Gajdusek
Medicine
1976
"For their discoveries concerning newmechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
Burton Richter
Samuel C.C. Ting
Physics
1976
"For their pioneering work in the discoveryof a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
Roger Guillemin
Andrew V. Schally
Medicine
1977
"For their discoveriesconcerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
Rosalyn Yalow
Medicine
1977
"For the development of radioimmunoassaysof peptide hormones"
Philip W. Anderson
(Sir Nevill Francis Mott)
John H. van Vleck
Physics
1977
"For their fundamental theoreticalinvestigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
Herbert A. Simon
Economics
1978
"For his pioneering research intothe decision-making process within economic organizations"
Daniel Nathans
(Werner Arber)
Hamilton O. Smith
Medicine
1978
"For the discovery of restriction enzymesand their application to problems of molecular genetics"
Arno Penzias
Robert Woodrow Wilson
Physics
1978
"For their discovery of cosmic microwavebackground radiation"
Theodore W. Schultz
(Sir Arthur Lewis)
Economics
1979
"For their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
Alan M. Cormack
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Medicine
1979
"For the development of computerassisted tomography"
Sheldon Glashow
(Abdus Salam)
Steven Weinberg
Physics
1979
"For their contributions to the theoryof the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles,including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
1980s
Paul Berg
Chemistry
1980
"For his fundamental studies ofthe biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
Walter Gilbert
(Frederick Sanger)
Chemistry
1980
"For their contributions concerning thedetermination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
Lawrence R. Klein
Economics
1980
"For the creation of econometric modelsand the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
Baruj Benacerraf
(Jean Dausset)
George D. Snell
Medicine
1980
"For their discoveries concerning geneticallydetermined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
James Cronin
Val Fitch
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